Forces from the US, Britain, and Norway intercepted Russian submarines near the Svalbard archipelago during a secret training exercise in April. The operation, conducted by Russia's GUGI undersea warfare directorate, involved the use of a secret weapon designed to disable undersea data cables without leaving evidence.
In response, the UK and nine Northern European allies formalized an expansion of the Joint Expeditionary Force's operations on November 10 to deter further Russian naval espionage and sabotage of critical undersea infrastructure.